Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS) is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease affecting fish, particularly salmonids. The causative agent is the Novirhabdovirus genus, specifically the viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). VHS is known for causing severe hemorrhaging, tissue damage, and a range of clinical signs in infected fish. The virus primarily spreads through direct contact between fish or through waterborne transmission. VHS has a significant impact on aquaculture and wild fish populations, leading to economic losses and ecological disturbances. Clinical manifestations include lethargy, darkened skin, exophthalmia, and hemorrhages in various organs. Mortality rates can be high, particularly in susceptible fish species. Efforts to control VHS involve strict biosecurity measures, movement restrictions, and surveillance programs. Vaccination strategies are also explored to mitigate the impact of VHS on aquaculture. VHS represents a significant concern for the global aquaculture industry, highlighting the importance of monitoring and managing viral diseases in fish populations to ensure both economic sustainability and ecological balance
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