Vaccines for COVID 19

COVID-19 vaccines represent a groundbreaking achievement in the global response to the pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. Multiple vaccines, developed using diverse technologies, have played a pivotal role in preventing severe illness, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with COVID-19. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, such as those developed by Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna, introduce genetic instructions to cells, prompting the production of the virus's spike protein and eliciting a robust immune response. Viral vector vaccines, like those from AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, use harmless adenoviruses to deliver genetic material, stimulating an immune reaction. These vaccines underwent rigorous testing in large-scale clinical trials, demonstrating high efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19 and severe outcomes. Global vaccination campaigns aim to achieve widespread immunity, curb transmission, and mitigate the impact of the virus on public health. The rapid development and deployment of COVID-19 vaccines highlight the collaboration between scientists, governments, and pharmaceutical companies. Ongoing research focuses on vaccine effectiveness against emerging variants, booster doses, and addressing vaccine distribution challenges to ensure equitable access worldwide.