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Papillomavirus Infections

Papillomavirus infections are caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV), a diverse group of DNA viruses that infect epithelial tissues. While many HPV infections are benign and resolve spontaneously, persistent infections with high-risk HPV types can lead to various cancers. HPV is primarily transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact, and sexual activity is a common mode of transmission. Low-risk HPV types can cause genital warts, while high-risk types are associated with cervical, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. Cervical cancer, in particular, has a strong association with high-risk HPV infections, prompting the development of HPV vaccines. These vaccines, such as Gardasil and Cervarix, target specific HPV types and have been effective in preventing infection and related cancers. Screening programs, such as Pap smears and HPV testing, aid in early detection and management of HPV-associated diseases. Public health initiatives aim to increase HPV vaccination coverage, raise awareness, and reduce the burden of HPV-related cancers globally. Ongoing research focuses on improving vaccination strategies, understanding the natural history of HPV infections, and developing novel therapeutic interventions.

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