Inoculation is a historical method of immunization that involves introducing a weakened or killed form of a pathogen into the body to stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. This practice, originating in Asia, was traditionally used to prevent smallpox and later inspired the development of vaccines. The process typically involves introducing a small amount of infectious material, such as pus or scabs from a person with a mild case of the disease, into the skin or nasal passages of a healthy individual. This exposure triggers the immune system to mount a defense, leading to the development of immunity against the pathogen. While early inoculation methods had risks and variable efficacy, the concept laid the foundation for the development of modern vaccines. Today's vaccines are carefully designed to provide safer and more controlled exposure to antigens, ensuring robust immune responses without causing disease. Inoculation practices have significantly evolved, contributing to the success of vaccination programs worldwide. The historical significance of inoculation underscores its role in shaping immunization strategies and preventing the spread of infectious diseases.
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Khursheed Anwer, IMUNON, United States
Title : Prophylactic and molecular approaches for mitigating human influenza A viruses: i. Evaluating influenza vaccine effectiveness in the older population ii. Down-regulation of influenza virus genes with novel sirna-chimeric-ribozyme constructs
Madhu Khanna, University of Delhi, India
Title : The importance of post-marketing surveillance and real-world data: For a product to be successful
Regina Au, BioMarketing Insight, United States
Title : Development of a novel multi-component vaccine to address the burden of otitis media in high-risk populations
Ayesha Zahid, Griffith University, Australia
Title : New biomarkers in leishmania major vaccine development
Negar Seyed, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran (Islamic Republic of)
Title : Approaches towards developing and establishing a biomanufacturing research & development, and manufacturing industry in Zimbabwe: A review of the need, potential funding sources, policy development and implementation
Elliot Nyagumbo, Midlands State University, Zimbabwe
Title : Evaluating the immunogenic impact of process impurities in mRNA vaccine production: Establishing integrated control strategies and specifications
Jesse Kuiper, Merck Research Laboratories, United States
Title : Capillary electrophoresis for adjuvanted multivalent recombinant vaccine purity determination
Ashley Prout, Merck, United States
Title : Hypersensitivity and anti-SARS-COV-2 vaccination: A retrospective study of the year 2021 at the University Hospital Center of Tours (France)
Faure Quentin, The Savoie Metropolitan Hospital Center, France
Title : Targeting resistance: New 4-substituted pyrazolidine and isoxazolidine as antibiotics with interesting antimicrobial activities
Yousfi Tarek, Nationale Research for Biotechnology Research Center, Algeria