Title : Emerging nanovaccine strategies for enhanced immune targeting and vaccine performance
Abstract:
The rapid evolution of vaccine science has accelerated interest in nanotechnology-based strategies aimed at improving immune precision, vaccine stability, and translational performance. Nanovaccines have emerged as versatile platforms capable of addressing critical limitations of traditional vaccine approaches by enabling controlled antigen delivery, enhanced cellular uptake, and modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. This review explores emerging nanovaccine strategies with a focus on their role in optimizing immune targeting and overall vaccine performance.
Recent advances in nanocarrier design, including lipid nanoparticles, polymer-based systems, virus-like particles, and hybrid nanostructures, are discussed with emphasis on how physicochemical characteristics such as particle size, surface functionalization, and antigen loading influence immune activation pathways. Integration of nanotechnology with modern vaccine modalities, including mRNA, recombinant protein, and peptide-based vaccines, demonstrates significant potential to enhance immunogenicity while minimizing dose requirements and adverse effects.
In addition to technological progress, this review addresses key translational challenges associated with nanovaccine development, including large-scale manufacturing, formulation stability, safety profiling, and regulatory considerations. Strategies to improve reproducibility, standardization, and clinical scalability are highlighted as essential components for successful implementation. Bridging experimental innovation with real-world vaccine deployment remains a central challenge for next-generation vaccine technologies.
Overall, nanovaccine strategies represent a promising direction for the future of vaccine development, offering adaptable solutions for infectious disease prevention and pandemic preparedness. Continued interdisciplinary collaboration between immunology, nanotechnology, and biotechnology will be critical to fully realize their potential within global vaccination programs
