Title : Exosome-based vaccine for the therapy of cancer
Abstract:
In recent years, the extracellular vesicles have been used as theranostics in different pathological conditions. Extracellular vesicles include different subsets such as exosomes (these are the smallest of the extracellular vesicles, ranging from 30-150 nm in diameter. They originate from the endosomal pathway and are released via exocytosis), apoptotic bodies (these vesicles are the largest extracellular vesicles, with sizes ranging from 500-5000 nm. They are formed during programmed cell death), and microvesicles (these vesicles are larger than exosomes, typically ranging from 50-1000 nm. They are formed by budding directly from the plasma membrane) with different production machinery system. Besides, emerging data have indicated the potency of these nanosized particles to harbor parent cell antigens and metabolites. The metabolic status can alter the cargo sorting and sequestration of several factors into the luminal space. Therefore, any pathological conditions with a genetic and proteomic signature can be assessed using exosomes. So, monitoring these factors can help us to confirm the incidence and progression, and even follow up on the therapeutic protocols. Different studies confirm the integrity of cancer cell-associated antigens and distribution into various biofluids. Therefore, monitoring and studying cancer cell exosomes are valid tool for the early-stage diagnosis of tumors. It is also possible that the immunization of immune cells with cancer-associated exosomes is helpful to activate both cellular and humoral responses. Therefore, it is logical to use these particles as vaccination tools in sensitive individuals against different cancer types. Taken together, the future will witness the splendid progress in the application of cancer cell exosomes in cancer patients along with conventional therapeutic protocols.
